What are the atoms made of?
We all know that particles makes up an atom. These particles are called, "Subatomic Particles." Subatomic particles are particles smaller than the atom. There are three subatomic particles that form an atom namely: the protons, neutrons and electrons. The center of the atom is called the nucleus.
To further learn about subatomic particles, let's discuss each and every particle inside the atom.
PROTONS
All protons are identical to each other. They also have a positive electrical charge, so they're always represented with a plus (+) sign.It is found inside the nucleus of an atom, together with the n. So, therefore, both of them are called nucleons of an atom.
Note! The number of protons in the nucleus determines the chemical properties of the atom and thus which chemical element is represented.
NEUTRONS
Like protons, neutrons are also identical to each other, but its mass is slightly larger than that of a proton.They have no electrical charge and are said to hold the protons together (protons are positively charged particles and should repel each other.) Neutrons are nucleons, thus found inside the nucleus.
Note!
- The number of neutrons and protons inside an atom gives the atoms their specific characteristics. One would know that one element is different from the other based on the number of their nucleons.
- The number of neutrons is the neutron number and determines the isotope of the element.
ELECTRONS
Electrons are the negatively charged particles of atoms. Together, all of the electrons of an atom create a negative charge that balances the positive charge of the protons in the atomic nucleus. Electrons are extremely small compared to all of the other parts of the atom. The mass of an electron is almost 1,000 times smaller than the mass of a proton.
Electrons are found in the clouds that surround the nucleus of an atom. They are located in what scientists called shells. These shells change depending on the number of electron in an element has. The higher the atomic number, the more shells and atoms the element has.
Note!
- Represented by a minus (-) sign, in reference to its negative charge.
- Plays a major role in many chemical bonds.
- Electrons are sometimes shared between 2 or more atoms in a cloud.
Terms and Methods to Determine an Element
Atomic Number (aka proton number)
The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom. It uniquely identifies an element. Remember that in a neutral charge, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons. It is usually represented by the letter, Z.
Atomic Mass
Atomic mass is defined as the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in a single atom. Often represented by the letter, A.
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element can have different number of neutrons, the different possible versions of each element is called isotopes.
If you want to write a certain isotope you write it like this: AXZ with X representing the symbol of the element, A as the number of neutrons and protons combined and Z as the atomic number.
For example, the element hydrogen is known to have no neutrons, but there is an isotope of hydrogen containing one neutron (deuterium) and with two neutrons (tritium.)
Atomic Mass
Atomic mass is defined as the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in a single atom. Often represented by the letter, A.
AZPEN
- A - Atomic Mass
- Z - Atomic Weight
- P - Number of protons
- E - Number of electrons
- N - Number of neutrons
Isotopes
Atoms of the same element can have different number of neutrons, the different possible versions of each element is called isotopes.
If you want to write a certain isotope you write it like this: AXZ with X representing the symbol of the element, A as the number of neutrons and protons combined and Z as the atomic number.
For example, the element hydrogen is known to have no neutrons, but there is an isotope of hydrogen containing one neutron (deuterium) and with two neutrons (tritium.)
Ions
An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal with the total number of protons, giving it a positive or negative electric charge.Two Kinds of Ions
- Anion - an ion with more electrons than protons, giving it a negative charge.
- Cation - an ion with a less number of electrons than that of protons, giving it a net positive charge.
Ionic Bonding
- a kind of chemical bonding that arises from the mutual attraction of oppositely charged ions. Since ions of like charge repel each other, they do not usually exist on their own. Instead, many of them may form a crystal lattice, in which ions of opposite charge are bound to each other. The resulting compound is called an ionic compound, and is said to be held together by ionic bonding.How Ions Gain or Lose Charges
Ions gain charges through ionization. Ionization is the process by which an electrically neutral atom, molecule, or radical loses or gains one or more electrons and becomes an ion. Ionization can occur in gases, liquids, or solids. Physicists often call a highly ionized gas a plasma.
EXERCISES!
Identification.
Identification.
- The meaning of the acronym "AZPEN."
- What do you call the ion with less number of electrons than that of the protons? What is its charge?
- What are the three sub-atomic particles? What are their charges?
- What sub-atomic particle plays a major role in chemical bonding?
- What do you call atoms or molecules with different numbers of electrons?
- What are the two sub-atomic particles located inside the nucleus?
- What do you call atoms of the same element, but with different numbers of neutrons?
- Other term for atomic number.
- What determines the chemical properties of an atom?
- Explain ionization.
GROUP 5
Burton, Danielle
Gaite, Aika
Lozada, Marcia
Pentinio, Arra
Santos, Patricia
2 - 10
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